Preliminary title Thesis Statement: I. Overview of Virus A. Structural characteristics of a virus B. Explain how a virus causes disease and illness II. Overview of specific virus SArS-CoV-2 A. Describe how virus infects cell B. Explain why transmission rate if so high III. Overview of vaccines A. Explain in detail how vaccines provide protection B. Describe the steps in developing a vaccine IV. Overview of ChAdOx1 A. Summary of monkey study B. Summary of pilot test in humans V. Overview of NCT04324606 clinical trial VI. Summary of terms A. Phase 2 clinical trials B. Phase 3 clinical trials C. Immunizations Monkey study: • Single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 protected six rhesus macaques from pneumonia caused by the virus. • Not peer reviewed yet. • Phase 1 trial of the candidate vaccine began on April 23 in healthy volunteers • Developed at the University of Oxford Jenner Institute • Uses a replication -deficient chimpanzee adenovirus to deliver a SARS-COV-2 protein to induce a protective immune response • Study showed vaccine rapidly induced immune responses against SARS-COV-2 in mice and rhesus macaques. • • Then conducted vaccine effectiveness by giving six animals the vaccine 28 days before infecting the with SARS-COV-2. They were compared to three control animas who did not receive the vaccine. Animals showed no signs of virus replication in the lungs, lower levels of respiratory disease and no ling damage compared to the control animals. Oxford University has entered into a partnership with UK-based global biopharmaceutical company AstraZeneca for the further development, large-scale manufacture and potential distribution of the vaccine. Pilot test in humans: • Phase 1 trail in healthy adult volunteers began in April. More than 1,000 immunizations have been completed and follow-up is currently ongoing. • Phase 2 will include older adults and children. Total of 10, 260 adults and children – randomized to receive one or two doses of either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or license vaccine (MenACWY). Study participants will not know whether they have • • • received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine until the end of the trial. Phase 3 will study how the vaccine works in large number of people over 18 randomized to receive one or two doses of either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or license vaccine (MenACWY). Study participants will not know whether they have received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine until the end of the trial. Genetic material has been added to the ChAdOx1 construct, that is used to make proteins from the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) called Spike glycoprotein (S). This protein is usually found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 and plays an essential role in the infection pathway of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus uses its spike protein to bind to ACE2 receptors on human cells to gain entry to the cells and cause an infection By vaccinating with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, we are hoping to make the body recognise and develop an immune response to the Spike protein that will help stop the SARS-CoV-2 virus from entering human cells and therefore prevent infection. NCT04324606 • • • 1090 participants Primary measures: Secondary measures : …