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What is most important to determine when to understanding missing data?

Researchers can enhance the validity of their studies by prioritizing data collection and applying robust analytical techniques that will lead to more reliable conclusions in clinical research (Kang, 2013).

What are the advantages and disadvantages of common missing data methods?

Missing data methods for analysis of uncertainty in the imputation process making it one of the most robust methods though it requires careful planning and execution. The strengths and weaknesses of each method have its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Some of its strengths are ad hoc methods making it easy to implement and require minimal computational resources. Both methods are efficient and provide unbiased estimates when assumptions are met. Some weaknesses of Ad Hoc Methods are that they tend to lose information and can introduce biases of principled methods and often require more complex statistical knowledge. Peng et al. (2006) model choice of method for handling missing data depending on the specific context and the nature of the data methods may suffice for simpler analysis while principled methods are preferred for more demanding statistical requirements although understanding these methods helps researchers make informed decisions to enhance the integrity of their analysis (Peng et al., 2006).

When might one use as a threshold or guideline in terms of when missing data be estimated vs. deleted?

The outlier should be removed to avoid skewing results, retain legitimate outliers and valid observation researchers might consider using transformations to mitigate its impact. The outliers pose a significant challenge in statistical analysis, impacting accuracy and error rates. Researchers must diligently check for outliers and understand their causes in order to decide on appropriate methods for handling them and by doing so they can enhance the reliability of their findings while contributing valuable insights to their fields (Osborne & Overbay, 2004).

References

Kang, H. (2013). The prevention and handling of the missing data. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 64(5), 402-406. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2013.64.5.402

Osborne & Overbay (2004). The power of outliers (and why researchers should ALWAYS check for them. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 9 (6), 1-8. http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=9&n=6

Peng, C.-Y. J., Harwell, M., Liou, S.-M., &Ehman, L. H. (2006). Advances in missing data methods and implications for educational research. In S. Sawilowsky (Ed.), Real data analysis (pp. 31-78). Information Age Publishing.